No está claro cuán grande es el papel de los antibióticos https://antibioticos-wiki.es en las relaciones competitivas entre los microorganismos en condiciones naturales. Zelman Waxman creía que este papel era mínimo, los antibióticos no se forman sino en culturas limpias en entornos ricos. Posteriormente, sin embargo, se descubrió que en muchos productos, la actividad de síntesis de antibióticos aumenta en presencia de otros tipos o productos específicos de su metabolismo.
Untitled
National Institute for Occupational Safety
U.S. Guidelines for Safe Handling of Hazardous Drugs
Antineoplastic and OtherHazardous Drugs
Teratogenicity or other developmental
(American Society of Health-System Pharmacists,1990)
Any drug identified by at least one of the
Any drug identified by at least one of the
Any drug identified by at least one of the
Teratogenicity or developmental toxicity
Any drug identified by at least one of the
Teratogenicity or developmental toxicity
Any drug identified by at least one of the
Teratogenicity or developmental toxicity
Organ toxicity at low doses in humans (<10
Any drug identified by at least one of the
Teratogenicity or developmental toxicity
Organ toxicity at low doses in humans (<10
Any drug identified by at least one of the following
Teratogenicity or developmental toxicity
Organ toxicity at low doses in humans (<10 mg/day) or
New drugs that mimic existing hazardous drugs in
Not a fixed cut-off dose Used only for guidance “For example, a daily therapeutic dose of 10
mg/day or a dose of 1 mg/kg/day in laboratory animals that produces serious organ toxicity, developmental toxicity, or reproductive toxicity has been used by the pharmaceutical industry to develop occupational exposure limits of less than 10 µg/m3.”
FDA Reproductive Category D- Most times
Indication of cancer in humans, animal data- Yes
Carcinogenic in one organ/strain animals- No
Positive in multiple in vivo genetox tests- Yes
Weight-of-evidence is the process by which
multiple measurement endpoints are related to an assessment endpoint to evaluate whether significant risk of harm is posed to the environment. (Massachusetts Weight-of-Evidence Workgroup, 1995)
Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA)
Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD (Revised 9/2002).
Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA)
Review all new warnings on existing drugs
Eliminate warnings that do not apply (sterility, etc.)
Evaluate based on criteria in hazardous drug definition
Separate into those that meet criteria and those that do
Utilize external expert and stakeholder input
ALKERAN® (melphalan)
ALKERAN (melphalan) should be administered under the supervision
of a qualified physician experienced in the use of cancerchemotherapeutic agents. Severe bone marrow suppression withresulting infection or bleeding may occur. Melphalan is leukemogenicin humans.
Melphalan produces chromosomal aberrations in vitro and in vivo and,
therefore, should be considered potentially mutagenic in humans.
Process to Update NIOSH Hazardous Drug List
Recent update to hazardous drug list (2004-2007)
23 Additions submitted to NIOSH Office of Director for
Solution for IV, IM, SC, topical administration
Large molecular weights make uptake by
oral, inhalation or dermal route unlikely
Most are target-specific (should only bind to
BCG preparation should be done using aseptic
To avoid cross-contamination, parenteral drugs should not
be prepared in areas where BCG has been prepared
A separate area for the preparation of BCG suspension is
All equipment, supplies and receptacles in contact with
BCG should be handled and disposed of as biohazardous
If preparation cannot be performed in a containment
device, then respiratory protection, gloves and a gown should be worn to avoid inhalation or contact with BCG organisms
Coated-Not a concern unless crushed for
Reports of >600 Cases of birth defects in
contraction of uterine smooth muscle and is used to induce labor in pregnant women
pregnancy are at risk from handling this drug
ENCUENTRO IBEROAMERICANO DE MUJERES INGENIERAS, ARQUITECTAS Y AGRIMENSORAS. EIMIAA. ESTATUTOS SOCIALES NOMBRE DE LA INSTITUCIÓN EL ENCUENTRO IBEROAMERICANO DE MUJERES INGENIERAS, ARQUITECTAS Y AGRIMENSORAS. EIMIAA, esta organización tiene como objetivos específicos principales los siguientes: a) Compartir experiencias e investigaciones técnicas y científicas entre países, qu
Polyfarmacie Optimalisatie Methode (POM) De Polyfarmacie Optimalisatie Methode (POM) is een stappenplan dat gebruikt kan worden om op een gestructureerde wijze ingewikkelde polyfarmacie te optimaliseren. De eerste twee stappen van de POM kunnen door een daartoe aangewezen praktijkondersteuner uitgevoerd worden. De stappen 3 en 4 moeten door de (huis)arts uitgevoerd worden. Voor de stappen 5