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Indian Journal of Pharmacology 2003; 35: 83-91
EDUCATIONAL FORUM
TINOSPORA CORDIFOLIA: CHEMISTRY AND MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
CHEMISTRY AND MEDICINAL PROPERTIES OF TINOSPORA CORDIFOLIA
(GUDUCHI)
S.S. SINGH, S.C. PANDEY, S. SRIVASTAVA, V.S. GUPTA, B. PATRO,A.C. GHOSH Chembiotek Research International, Block-BN, Plot-7, Sector-V, Salt Lake Electronic Complex,Kolkata-700 091.
ABSTRACT
Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi) is a widely used shrub in folk and ayurvedic systems of medicine. Thisreview presents a detailed survey of the literature on chemistry and medicinal properties of Tinosporacordifolia. The chemical constituents reported from this shrub belong to different classes such as alkaloids,diterpenoid lactones, glycosides, steroids, sesquiterpenoid, phenolics, aliphatic compounds andpolysaccharides. The notable medicinal properties reported are anti-diabetic, anti-periodic, anti-spasmodic,anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, anti-oxidant, anti-allergic, anti-stress, anti-leprotic, anti-malarial,hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory and anti-neoplastic activities.
KEY WORDS
Anti-diabetic anti-oxidant alternative medicine phytochemistry Introduction
Guduchi is widely used in veterinary folk medicine/ayurvedic system of medicine for its general tonic, anti- Guduchi [Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex Hook.
periodic, anti-spasmodic, anti-inflammatory, anti- F. & Thoms] is a large, glabrous, deciduous climbing arthritic, anti-allergic and anti-diabetic properties2-6. The
shrub belonging to the family Menispermaceae1,2. It
plant is used in ayurvedic, "Rasayanas" to improve the is distributed throughout tropical Indian subcontinent immune system and the body resistance against and China, ascending to an altitude of 300 m. In Hindi, infections. The root of this plant is known for its anti- the plant is commonly known as Giloya, which is a stress, anti-leprotic and anti-malarial activities 6,7. Authors
Hindu mythological term that refers to the heavenly investigated earlier one of the plants of the family elixir that have saved celestial beings from old age Menispermaceae and found that the constituents and and kept them eternally young. The stem of Tinospora activities were similar to other reports8,9.
cordifolia are rather succulent with long filiform fleshyaerial roots from the branches. The bark is creamy Chemistry
white to grey, deeply left spirally, the space in betweenbeing spotted with large rosette like lenticels. The A variety of constituents have been isolated from leaves are membranous and cordate. The flowers Tinospora cordifolia plant and their structures were are small and yellow or greenish yellow. In auxiliary elucidated. They belong to different classes such as and terminal racemes or racemose panicles, the male alkaloids, diterpenoid lactones, glycosides, steroids, flowers are clustered and female are usually solitary.
sesquiterpenoid, phenolics, aliphatic compounds and The drupes are ovoid, glossy, succulent, red and pea- sized. The seeds are curved. Fruits are fleshy andsingle seeded. Flowers grow during the summer and Leaves of this plant are rich in protein (11.2%) and fruits during the winter1,3.
are fairly rich in calcium and phosphorus6,10. Studies
Correspondence: S.S. Singh
e-mail: singh_ss@hotmail.com
S.S. SINGH et al.
Berberine (I)14-18, Palmatine (II)14-18,
Tembetarine (III, 0.012%)14-18, Magnoflorine (IV, 0.075%)14-18,
Choline (V)14-18, Tinosporin14-18, Isocolumbin19, Palmatine19,
Tetrahydropalmatine (VI)19, Magnoflorine19
18-norclerodane glucoside (VII)20
Furanoid diterpene glucoside21,22 (VIII and IX)
Tinocordiside (X)23,24,Tinocordifolioside (XI)25-26.
Cordioside25,26, Cordifolioside A27,28, Cordifolioside B27,28,
Syringin (XII)29,30, Syringin-apiosylglycoside29,30,
Palmatosides C31, Palmatosides F31,
Cordifoliside A (XIII)28,32, Cordiofoliside B28,32,
Cordifoliside C28,32, Cordifoliside D28,32, Cordifoliside E28,32
TINOSPORA CORDIFOLIA: CHEMISTRY AND MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
Furanolactone XIV 33,
Clerodane derivatives XV, XVI34,35 and
XVII [(5R,10R)-4R-8R-dihydroxy-2S-3R:15,16-
diepoxy-cleroda-13 (16), 14-dieno-17,12S:
18,1S-dilactone]36 and Tinosporon37,
Tinosporides XVIII1,22,38-43 and XIX1,22,38-43,
Jateorine (XX)1,38-43, Columbin (XXI)1,22,38-43
β -sitosterol (XXII)44-47, δ-sitosterol44-47, 20β-
hydroxy ecdysone (XXIII)44-47.
Ecdysterone (XXIV)48-50, Makisterone A (XXV)48-50,
Giloinsterol48-50.
S.S. SINGH et al.
Tinocordifolin51.
Octacosanol (XXVI)45-47, Heptacosanol (XXVII)45-47,
Nonacosan-15-one (XXVIII)45-47
3,(α,4-di hydroxy-3-methoxy-benzyl)-4-(4- hydroxy-3-methoxy-benzyl)-tetrahydrofuran45-47.
Jatrorrhizine (XXIX)52.
Tinosporidine17,47,53, Cordifol17,47,53,
Cordifelone17,47,53,
N-trans-feruloyl tyramine as diacetate54,
Giloin48,55, Giloinin48,55, Tinosporic acid48,55.
on the physical characteristic and chemical
composition of the starch obtained from Guduchi
Satwa (extract) were carried out and the
polysaccharide was found to consist chiefly of 1 4
linked glucan with occasionally branched points11,12.
Tinospora cordifolia
Its similarities and differences from amylose were (Constituent/Preparation)
elucidated. An arabinogalactan had been isolated
from the dried stems of T. cordifolia13.
Medicinal properties
The stem of Tinospora cordifolia is one of the
constituents of several ayurvedic preparations used
in general debility, dyspepsia, fever and urinary
diseases. The stem is bitter, stomachic, diuretic56,
stimulates bile secretion, causes constipation, allays
thirst, burning sensation, vomiting, enriches the blood
The aqueous extract of the stem antagonizes the and cures jaundice. The extract of its stem is useful effect of agonists such as 5-hydroxytryptamine, in skin diseases57,58. The root and stem of T. cordifolia
histamine, bradykinin and prostaglandins E1 and E2 are prescribed in combination with other drugs as on the rabbit smooth muscle, relaxes the intestinal, an anti-dote to snake bite and scorpion sting2,3,6. Dry
uterine smooth muscle and inhibits the constrictor barks of T. cordifolia has anti-spasmodic, anti- response of histamine and acetylcholine on smooth pyretic59, anti-allergic60, anti-inflammatory61,62 and
muscle. Intravenous exposure to aqueous extract of anti-leprotic63 properties.
T. cordifolia in doses of 5.0, 10.0 and 15.0 mg/kg body TINOSPORA CORDIFOLIA: CHEMISTRY AND MEDICINAL PROPERTIES
weight produces a temporary but marked fall in blood S.aureaus by peritoneal macrophages in rats86. Other
pressure and bradycardia in anaes-thetized dogs1.
workers have also supported these observations. Thephagocytic and Intra-cellular killing capacity of T. cordifolia is widely used in Indian ayurvedic polymorphs in rats, tested at 3.5 h after E. coli medicine for treating diabetes mellitus64-66. Oral
infection were significant87,88.
administration of an aqueous T. cordifolia root extractto alloxan diabetic rats caused a significant reduction The anti-stress and tonic property of the plant was in blood glucose and brain lipids. Though the aqueous clinically tested and it was found that it brought about extract at a dose of 400 mg/kg could elicit significant good response in children with moderate degree of anti-hyperglycemic effect in different animal models, behaviour disorders and mental deficit. It has also its effect was equivalent to only one unit/kg of significantly improved the I.Q. levels.
insulin67.
The hepatoprotective action of T. cordifolia was It is reported that the daily administration of either reported in one of the experiment in which goats alcoholic or aqueous extract of T. cordifolia treated with T. cordifolia have shown significant decreases the blood glucose level and increases clinical and hemato-biochemical improvement in CCl4
glucose tolerance in rodents68,69. Aqueous extract
induced hepatopathy. Extract of T. cordifolia has also also caused a reduction in blood sugar in alloxan- exhibited in vitro inactivating property against induced hyperglycemia in rats and rabbits in the Hepatitis B and E surface antigen in 48-72 h89.
dose of 400 mg/kg. However, histological exami-nation of pancreas has not revealed any evidence The aqueous extract of T. cordifolia exerted a of regeneration of β-cells of islets of Langerhans significant anti-inflammatory effect on cotton pellet and the possible mode of action of the plant is granuloma and formalin induced arthritis models. Its through glucose metabolism70. The aqueous extract
effect was comparable with Indomethacin and its mode has also exhibited some inhibitory effect on of action appeared to resemble that of a non-steroidal adrenaline-induced hyperglycemia. Ethyl acetate anti-inflammatory agent. The dried stem of T. cordifolia extract of its roots has afforded a pyrrolidine produced significant anti-inflammatory effect in both derivative with hypoglycemic activity in rabbits71-73.
acute and subacute models of inflammation. T . Another study has also revealed significant cordifolia was found to be more effective than hypoglycemic effect of extract of leaves in normal acetylsalicylic acid in acute inflammation. But in and alloxan diabetic rabbits. However, the extract subacute inflammation, the drug was inferior to had no significant effect on total lipid levels in normal phenylbutazone90. In a clinical evaluation, a compound
or treated rabbits74,75.
preparation 'Rumalaya' containing T. cordifolia wasreported to significantly reduce the pain in patients T. cordifolia is reported to benefit the immune system suffering from rheumatoid arthritis1.
in a variety of ways30,76,77. The alcoholic and aqueous
The aqueous extract of roots of T. cordifolia has extracts of T. cordifolia have been tested successfully shown the anti-oxidant action in alloxan diabetes rats.
for immuno-modulatory activity78-84. Pre-treatment
The administration of the extract of T. cordifolia roots with T. cordifolia was to impart protection against (2.5, 50 mg/kg body weight) for 6 weeks resulted in mortality induced by intra-abdominal sepsis following a significant reduction of serum and tissue coecal ligation in rats. It has also significantly reduced cholesterol, phospholipids and free fatty acids in the mortality from E. coli induced peritonitis in mice.
alloxan diabetic rats91.
In a clinical study, it has afforded protection incholestatic patients against E. coli infection. These Jagetia et al., have found that guduchi killed the HeLa activities are not due to its anti-bacterial activity as cells very effectively in vitro and thus it indicates that shown by the negative in-vitro anti-bacterial activity guduchi needs attention as an anti-neoplastic agent92.
of the plant extract78,85. It is reported that the treatment
In this study exposure of HeLa cells to 0, 5, 10, 25, in rats had resulted in significant leucocytosis and 50 and 100 µg/ml of guduchi extract (methanol, predominant neutrophilia. It has been also observed aqueous and methylene chloride) resulted in a dose that it stimulates the macrophages as evidenced by dependent but significant increase in cell killing when an increase in the number and % phagocytosis of compared to non drug treated controls.
S.S. SINGH et al.
Ether extract of the stem distillate of aerial part of T. Mehra PN, Puri HS. Studies on Gaduchi satwa. Indian J cordifolia has inhibited the in vitro growth of Pharm 1969;31:180-2.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis at 1:50,000 dilution93. Its
Rao EV, Rao MV. Studies on the polysaccharide preparation ethanolic extract has exhibited significant antipyretic (Guduchi satwa) derived from Tinospora cordifolia. Indian activity in experimental rats. 'Septilin' syrup, a J Pharm Sci 1981;43:103-6.
compound preparation containing T. cordifolia (7.82%in 5 ml of syrup) was found to elicit good clinical Chintalwar G, Jain A, Sipahimalani A, Banerji A, Sumariwalla response in children suffering from upper respiratory P, Ramakrishnan R, et al. An immunologically activearabinogalactan from Tinospora cordifolia. Phytochemistry tract infection and chronic otitis media94.
1999;52:1089-94.
The Ayurveda literature reports that it can cause Kumar S, Verma NS, Pande D, Srivastava PS. In vitro constipation, if taken regularly in high doses; it has regeneration and screening of berberine in Tinospora no side effect and toxicity. Yet the safety and the cordifolia. J Med Arom Plant Sci 2000;22:61.
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SOUTHERN REGIONAL CONFERENCE OF
THE INDIAN PHARMACOLOGICAL SOCIETY - 2003
12 - 14 September, 2003
S.V. Medical College, Tirupati
For further details please contact:
Dr. N. Gopal Reddy
Professor & Head of the Department,
Department of Pharmacology,
Tirupati - 517 507.
Phone : 2233455

Source: http://herbalbloom.com/herbal-research/guduchi/Guduchi-Tinospora-cordifolia-medind.pdf