Microsoft word - the history of psychiatry 2011-12.doc

Introduction: This course surveys the history of psychiatry as a medical field. It does so by focusing on the construction of specific psychiatric objects from the nineteenth century to the present. While broadly chronological, the aim of this course is to emphasise the practices of psychiatrists rather than give a complete historical overview of the subject. It focuses on a few specific issues, often comparing different approaches to the problem from a number of standpoints and across time. It encourages students to think about issues of interpretation of psychiatric discourses, and as such, I have included a number of primary sources that will help students to ground each of the secondary sources in actual psychiatric material. This, to my mind, encourages good historical practice. There is also a list of necessary secondary sources provided, with which you should engage as well when writing your essays. Credits: 20 Time/Place: first semester, weeks 1-10; Seminar: Tuesday 2-5, Seminar Room in Chisholm House, High School Yards. Assessment: 1 x 3-4000 word essay (100%) on a topic addressed in the course. You should consult me about your topic and the material you will discuss. Due: Friday 2nd of December 2012 by 4pm. All course work must be submitted as a hard copy AND electronically. Submitting the hard copy You must submit two copies of your assignment (essay or coursework) to the Graduate School Office (room 1.21, Chrystal Macmillan Building) by 4pm on the date the assignment is due. You must attach an assignment cover sheet to the hard copy and a 'Declaration of own work' (if this is your first assignment for the current semester). Both forms are available in WebCT and from the Graduate School Office. Electronic Submission Students must submit their assignment electronically, by the same deadline, in addition to submitting the hard copy. A guide to submitting online is available at http://www.elearn.malts.ed.ac.uk/services/plagiarism/downloads/SubmitTurnitinPLWebCT.pdf or on request from the Graduate School office (gradschool.sps@ed.ac.uk). If you experience technical difficulties in uploading your submission please contact the Information Services helpdesk (IS.Helpline@ed.ac.uk ) with details of the problem. You will not be penalised for lateness if you were unable to submit the electronic version for technical reasons. However, you may asked for the call reference number or other evidence that you contacted the Information Services helpdesk before the deadline. IMPORTANT NOTES • Save your essay or assignment with a file name that includes your exam number (printed • To ensure your work is marked anonymously do not include your name or matriculation number anywhere in the file, but do include your exam number. • When uploading your file you will be asked for a submission title, please prefix the title with your exam number as this helps us to ensure your submission is correctly logged. Aims and Desired Outcomes On successful completion of the course students will have demonstrated through written work, oral presentations and other contributions in class, that they: * have a substantive knowledge and understanding of a selection of important issues within the history of psychiatry, and of the contending viewpoints and claims on these issues; * have an appreciation of the different context in which psychiatric knowledge is developed, and can comment intelligently on the importance of these contexts; * have developed sophisticated interpretive skills in the analysis of historical documents; * can identify and characterise key approaches to understanding and evaluating issues within the historiography of psychiatry, and identify advantages, problems and implications of these approaches; *can apply these understandings and skills, and deploy some of these approaches, concepts and techniques, in analysing a new problem in the history of psychiatry, and in other areas of the history of science and medicine. Structure Ten topics will be addressed, each one dealing with a theme or body of work of recognised importance in the wider context of the history of psychiatry. 1. Constructing Categories I: Moral insanity Constructing Categories II: Sexual perversion Psychiatry and Difference I: Colonial psychiatry Psychiatry and Difference II: Culture-Bound Syndromes Seminars All seminars (except the first and last) will focus on primary sources. This will raise certain methodological issues. In order to prepare for seminars, you are expected to think about the following with regard to the sources you have read: How is the object (schizophrenia, culture-bound syndromes, etc.) constructed What evidence (case histories, clinical reports, statistics, anecdotes, etc.) is used for the claims the author is making? How does the author relate their claims to other works in the field (criticism, adaptation, or acceptance of other claims, etc.)? What ‘kind of person’ (Hacking) is made up in the discourse being Where does patient experience fit into these discourses? Thinking about these issues will get to the heart of some of the key issues in the history of psychiatry, and will raise methodological issues that will be transferable to other areas of the subject. Selected General Readings (These sources should be used to ground the specific topics discussed each week. This list is far from exhaustive.) Edward Shorter, A History of Psychiatry: From the Era of the Asylum to the Age of Prozac, John Wiley & Sons, 1997. Edward Shorter, Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry, Oxford UP, 2005. WF Bynum, “Psychiatry in its historical context,” in M. Shepherd and O.L. Zangwill (eds), General Psychopathology (Vol.I of Handbook of Psychiatry), Cambridge University Press, 1982, pp. 11-38, 245-51. WF Bynum, Roy S. Porter & Michael Shepherd, The Anatomy of Madness: Essays in the History of Psychiatry, 3 Vols, London: Tavistock, 1985 German E. Berrios and Hugh Freeman (eds), 150 Years of British Psychiatry 1841-1991, London: Gaskell, 1991 Jan Goldstein, “Psychiatry”, in Bynum and Porter, Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine, London, Routledge, 1993 Roy Porter, Madness: a brief history, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2002 Michel Foucault, Mental Illness and Psychology Translated by Alan Sheridan. New York: Harper and Row, 1976. Michel Foucault, History of Madness, Foreword by Ian Hacking, Jean Khalfa (ed.), Jonathan Murphy and Jean Khalfa (trans.), London, Routledge, 2006 EH Ackerknecht, A Short History of Psychiatry, New York: Hafner, 1959 John Henry, on Thomas Reid’s faculty psychology Mark Micale, “The Psychiatric Body,” in Roger Cooter, and John Pickstone, (eds.), Medicine in the Twentieth Century, London, Routledge, 2000, chap. 22. Ian Dowbiggin, Inheriting Madness: Professionalization and Psychiatric Knowledge in Nineteenth-Century France, Berkeley: California UP, 1991. German Berrios, The History of Mental Symptoms: Descriptive Psychopathology Since the Nineteenth Century, Cambridge UP, 1996 Otto Marx, “What is the history of psychiatry?” History of Psychiatry, 3,1992, pp. 279-292, 293-301 John Henry, "Psychology and the Laws of Nature: From Souls to the Powers of the Mind in the Scottish Enlightenment", in Andrew Cunningham and Ole Peter Grell (eds), Medicine and Religion in Enlightenment Europe (Aldershot: Ashgate Press, 2007), pp. 243-58. Mikkel Borsch-Jacobsen, Making Minds and Madness, Cambridge UP, 2009, first chapter. especially. NB: it is also expected that in preparation for each seminar and for your essays you look through the journal History of Psychiatry (http://hpy.sagepub.com/) and Social Science and Medicine (http://journals.elsevier.com/02779536/social-science-and-medicine/ ) and for relevant other primary (and historical) sources in the British Journal of Psychiatry (previously called Journal of Mental Science, searchable at http://bjp.rcpsych.org/) for further primary and secondary readings. Other psychiatric journals are also appropriate, such as the American Journal of Insanity, Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, etc. These journals often carry history of psychiatry articles. In addition to these published sources, you may profit from the following blogs: http://historypsychiatry.wordpress.com/, http://psychiatryandhistory.blogspot.com/, and http://www.somatosphere.net/ Weekly Topics 1. Introduction and contexts Reading: Eric J. Engstrom, Clinical Psychiatry in Imperial Germany: A History of Psychiatric Practice. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2004 Michel Foucault, History of Madness, Foreword by Ian Hacking, Jean Khalfa (ed.), Jonathan Murphy and Jean Khalfa (trans.), London, Routledge, 2006 Roy Porter, Madness: a brief history, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2002 Edward Shorter, A History of Psychiatry: From the Era of the Asylum to the Age of Prozac, John Wiley & Sons, 1997. German Berrios The History of Mental Symptoms: Descriptive Psychopathology Since the Nineteenth Century, Cambridge UP, 1996 2. Moral insanity Primary sources: Anon, “Moral Insanity”, The American Journal of Insanity, 14, 1857-58, pp. 311-320 James Cowles Prichard, On the different forms of insanity, in relation to jurisprudence, designed for the use of persons concerned in legal questions regarding unsoundness of mind, London: H. Baillière, 1842 (selections) J.C. Prichard, “Moral Insanity,” History of Psychiatry 1999; 10; pp. 117-26 (taryn) George Savage, “Moral Insanity,” Journal of Mental Science, 27, 1881, 147-55. (Anna) Readings: HF Augstein, “JC Prichard’s concept of moral insanity—a medical theory of the corruption of human nature”, Medical History, 40, 1996, pp. 311-43 Roger Smith, Trial by Medicine: Insanity and Responsibility in Victorian Trials, Edinburgh UP, 1981 (selections) German Berrios, “J. C. Prichard and the concept of `moral insanity',” History of Psychiatry, 10, 1999, pp. 111-16 For background to the Edinburgh School view of the mind, see John Henry, "Psychology and the Laws of Nature: From Souls to the Powers of the Mind in the Scottish Enlightenment", in Andrew Cunningham and Ole Peter Grell (eds), Medicine and Religion in Enlightenment Europe (Aldershot: Ashgate Press, 2007), pp. 243-58. 3. Sexual perversion Primary sources: James Kiernan, “Psychological Aspects of the Sexual Appetite,” Alienist and Neurologist, 1891, pp. 188-218 Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Psychopathia Sexualis, 12th ed, selections Havelock Ellis, Studies in the Psychology of Sex, selections. Readings: Arnold Davidson, “How to do the History of Psychoanalysis: a reading of Freud's Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality,” Critical Inquiry, 13, 1986/87, pp. 252-77 Arnold Davidson, “Closing up the Corpses: Diseases of Sexuality and the Emergence of the Psychiatric Style of Reasoning,” in George Boolos (ed.), Meaning and Method: Essays in honour of Hilary Putnam, Cambridge, 1990, pp. 295-325 Arnold Davidson, “Sex and the Emergence of Sexuality,” Critical Inquiry, 14, 1987, pp.16-48. These three essays are reprinted with other essays in Davidson, The Emergence of Sexuality, Harvard UP, 2001. Renate Hauser, “Krafft-Ebing's Psychological Understanding of Sexual Behaviour,” in Porter and Teich, Sexual Science, Sexual Knowledge, Cambridge, 1994, pp.210-227 Harry Oosterhuis, Stepchildren of Nature, Chicago UP, 2000. Ivan Crozier, introduction to Havelock Ellis and John Addington Symonds, Sexual Inversion, London, Palgrave, 2007, pp. 1-86. 4. Schizophrenia Primary sources: Emil Kraepelin, Dementia Praecox and Paraphrenia, trans. R. Mary Barclay, ed. George M. Robertson, Huntington, NY: Robert E. Krieger, 1971 (selections) Schneider, K. Clinical Psychopathology. New York: Grune and Stratton. 1959 R D Laing, The Divided Self, London, Tavistock Publications, 1961. AJ Bain, ‘The influence of Cardiazol on Chronic Schizophrenia’, Journal of Mental Science, 86, 1940, pp.502–13 F.B.E. Charatan, ‘An Evaluation of Chlorpromazine ("Largactil") in Psychiatry’, Journal of Mental Science, Oct 1954, 100, pp.882-893 Russell Fraser and Douglas Stanley, ‘The Interruption of Coma in Insulin Shock Therapy’, The Lancet, 21 January 1939, p.140-3 R Freudenberg, ‘On the Curability of Mental Diseases by ‘Shock’ Treatment’, Journal of Mental Science, 87, 1941, pp.529–44 L Meduna & B Rohny, ‘Insulin and Cardiazol Treatment of Schizophrenia’, The Lancet, 20 May 1939, pp. 1139-42 Readings: Robert Boyers and Robert Orrill (eds.) Laing and Anti-Psychiatry, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1972. Ian Hacking, Mad Travelers: Reflections on the Reality of Transient Mental Illnesses, Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1998. Ian Hacking, “Les alienes voyageurs: How Fugue Became a Medical Entity,” History of Psychiatry, 7, 1996, pp. 425-449. Matthias W. Weber and Eric J. Engstrom, “Kraepelin's ‘diagnostic cards’: the confluence of clinical research and preconceived categories,” History of Psychiatry, 8, 1997, pp. 375-85. J Hoenig, “The concept of Schizophrenia. Kraepelin-Bleuler-Schneider,” The British Journal of Psychiatry 142, 1983, pp. 547-556 FE James, ‘Insulin treatment in Psychiatry’, History of Psychiatry, 3, 1992, pp.221–35 Niall McCrae, “‘A Violent Thunderstorm”: Cardiazol Treatment in British Mental Hospitals’, History of Psychiatry, 17, 2006, pp. 67-90 Deborah Blythe Doroshow, ‘Performing a Cure for Schizophrenia: Insulin Coma Therapy on the Wards’, Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 62, 2007, pp. 213-43 To put some of these somatic treatments and their histories into perspective, see: Andrew Scull, ‘The Historiography of Somatic Treatments in Psychiatry’, History of Psychiatry, 5, 1994, pp.1–12 For an account of patient experience in a mental institution in Britain (after a misdiagnosis of schizophrenia), see Jean Davison, The Dark Threads, Accent Press, 2009. 5. Self Harm Primary sources: Aitken, R. C. B., Buglass, D. & Kreitman, N. (1969). The changing pattern of attempted suicide in Edinburgh, 1962-1967. British Journal of Preventative and Social Medicine, 23, 111-115. O’Connor, R., Rasmussen, S., Miles, J., & Hawton, K. (2009). Self harm in adolescents: self report survey in schools in Scotland. British Journal of Psychiatry, 194, 68-72. Readings: Cresswell abnd Karmikova, Sef harm and Medicine’s Moral Code: A Historical Perspective, 1950–2000, Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry, Volume 12, Number 2, 2010 available online at: http://www.psychiatry.freeuk.com/moralcode.pdf Cresswell, M. (2005a). Psychiatric “survivors” and testimonies of self-harm. Social Science and Medicine,61, 1668–1677. Cresswell, M. (2005b). Self-harm “survivors” and psychiatry in England, 1988–1996. Social Theory and Health, 3, 259–285. 6. Eating Disorders, particularly anorexia Primary sources: Kathleen Franco, “Eating Disorders”: http://www.clevelandclinicmeded.com/medicalpubs/diseasemanagement/psychiatry-psychology/eating-disorders/ L.-V. Marce,’On a form of hypochondriacal delirium occuring secondary to dyspepsia, and characterised by refusal of food’. Journal of Psychological Medicine and Mental Pathology, xiii (1860) 264-6 W Gull, Anorexia nervosa (apepsia histerica, anorexia histerica), Trans Clin Soc London 7 (1874), pp. 22–28 Australian and New Zealand Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa, at http://focus.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/reprint/3/4/618 Raymond Prince, “The concept of culture-bound syndromes: anorexia nervosa and brain fag,” Social Science and Medicine. 21, 1985: 197-203 Readings: Sloane Madden, “‘Anorexia Nervosa’ – Still Relevant in the Twenty-first Century? A Review of William Gull’s Anorexia Nervosa” Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, Jan 2004; vol. 9: pp. 149 - 154. Tilmann Habermas and A. Beveridge, “Historical continuities and discontinuities between religious and medical interpretations of extreme fasting: The background to Giovanni Brugnoli's description of two cases of anorexia nervosa in 1875,” History of Psychiatry, Dec 1992; vol. 3: pp. 431 - 455. Andrew Blewett and Alain Bottéro, “L.-V. Marcé and the psychopathology of eating disorders,” History of Psychiatry, Mar 1995; vol. 6: pp. 69 - 85. JJ Brumberg, Fasting Girls, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press,1988 Jules R. Bemporad, ‘Self-Starvation Through the Ages: Reflections on the Pre-History of Anorexia Nervosa, International Journal of Eating Disorders, 19, 1996, pp. 217-237 Edward Shorter, ‘The First Great Increase in Anorexia Nervosa,’ Journal of Social History, 21, 1987, pp. 69-96 Pamela K. Hardin, ‘Shape-shifting discourses of anorexia nervosa: reconstituting psychopathology’, Nursing Inquiry 10, 2003, pp. 209–217 7. Criminal Insanity Primary sources: Forbes Winslow, The legal doctrine of responsibility in cases of insanity, connected with alleged criminal acts (1858) H. Maudsley, Criminal Responsibility in Relation to Insanity, Journal of Mental Science, Oct 1895; 41: 657 - 674. Charles Mercier, Crime and Insanity, London, Williams & Norgate, 1911 (selections). Readings: Roger Smith, Trial by Medicine: Insanity and Responsibility in Victorian Trials, Edinburgh UP, 1981. Joel Eigen, Witnessing Insanity, Yale UP, 1995. Joel Eigen, Unconscious Crime, Johns Hopkins UP, 2003. Nigel Walker, Crime and Insanity in England, vol. 1, Edinburgh UP, 1968. Jerome Hall, “Psychiatry and Criminal Responsibility,” The Yale Law Journal, 65, 1956, pp. 761-785. Charles Rosenberg, The Trial of the Assassin Guiteau: Psychiatry and Law in the Guilded Age. The University of Chicago Press, 1968 8. Colonial psychiatry Primary sources: J. C. Carothers, “Frontal Lobe Function and the African,” Journal of Mental Science, 97, 1951, pp. 12-48 H. M Shelley and W. H. Watson, “An Investigation Concerning Mental Disorder in Nyasaland,” Journal of Mental Science, 82, 1936, pp. 701-730 H. L. Gordon, “The Mental Capacity of the African: A Paper Read before the African Circle,” Journal of the Royal African Society, 33, 1934, pp. 226-242 JHT Walsh, “Hemp drugs and insanity,” Journal of Mental Science, 40, 1894, pp. 21–36 Raymond Prince, The Changing Picture of Depressive Syndromes in Africa: Is It Fact or Diagnostic Fashion? Canadian Journal of African Studies, 1967 Readings: Waltraud Ernst, “Asylum Provision and the East India Company,” Medical History, 42, 1998, 476-502. Waltraud Ernst, “Colonial Psychiatry,” in G Berrios and H Freeman, eds, 150 Years of British Psychiatry: 1841-1858 (Gaskell, 1991) James Mills, Madness, Cannabis and Colonialism: the 'native only' lunatic asylums of British India , 1857 to 1900, Basingstoke, Palgrave, 2000 Jonathon Sadowsky, “Psychiatry and Colonial Ideology in Nigeria,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 71, 1997, pp. 94-111. RC Keller, “Pinel in the Maghreb: liberation, confinement, and psychiatric reform in French North Africa,” Bulletin for the History of Medicine, 79, 2005, pp. 459-99. Megan Vaughan. “Idioms of Madness: Zomba Lunatic Asylum, Nyasaland, in the Colonial Period,” Journal of Southern African Studies, 9, 1983, pp. 218-38 Jock McCulloch., “The Empire’s New Clothes: Ethnopsychiatry in Colonial Africa,” History of the Human Sciences, 6, 1993), pp. 35-52. Jock McCulloch, Colonial Psychiatry and ‘the African Mind’, Cambridge UP, 1995 9. Culture-Bound Syndromes Primary sources: “Culture-Bound Syndromes”, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual Of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Association, Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1994 P.M. Yap, “Koro - a culture-bound depersonalization syndrome,” British Journal of Psychiatry, 111, 1965, pp. 43-50 Charles Mather, “Accusations of Genital Theft: A Case from Northern Ghana,” Culture Medicine and Psychiatry, 29, 2005, p. 33 R.N. Bloor, “Whizz-Dick: side effect, urban myth or amfetamine-related koro-like syndrome?” International Journal of Clinical Practice, 58, 2004, pp. 717–719 Readings: Peter J. Guarnaccia & Lloyd Rogler, “Research on Culture-Bound Syndromes: New Directions,” American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 1999, pp. 1322–1327 WG Jilek, “Psychiatric Disorders: Culture-specific,” International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences. Elsevier Science Ltd., 2001 Kleinman, A.: Rethinking Psychiatry: From Cultural Category to Personal Experience. N.Y.: Free Press, 1988. Kleinman, A.: Patients and Healers in the Context of Culture: An Exploration of the Borderland Between Anthropology, Medicine, and Psychiatry. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980. Kleinman, A.: Depression, somatization and the new cross-cultural psychiatry. Soc Sci and Med. 11:3-10. 10. Summing Up: interpretive issues Readings: Michel Foucault, The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences, New York, Vintage Books, 1973 Michel Foucault, Psychiatric power: lectures form the College de France, 1973-74, Palgrave, 2006 Michael Foucault, ‘What is Enlightenment?’ and ‘Nietzsche, Genealogy, History’, both in Rabinow (ed.) The Michel Foucault Reader, Vintage, 1984 Ian Hacking, Mad Travelers: Reflections on the Reality of Transient Mental Illness, University of Virginia Press, 1998 Ian Hacking, ‘Making Up People’, in T. Heller et al. (eds.), Reconstructing Individualism, Stanford University Press, l986, 222-236. Reprinted in Ian Hacking, Historical Ontology, Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 2002, 99-114. Ian Hacking, “Kinds of People: Moving Targets,” at: http://www.britac.ac.uk/pubs/src/britacad06/index.cfm

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